Polish Grammar Exercises

Exercise 01

English	Polish	Gender
house	dom	męski/masculine
window	okno	nijaki/neuter
chair	krzesło	nijaki/neuter
suitcase	walizka	żeński/feminine
desk	biurko	nijaki/neuter
garden	ogród	męski/masculine
rock	skała	żeński/feminine
pencil	ołówek	męski/masculine
dog	pies	męski/masculine
table	stół	męski/masculine

Exercise 02

English	Polish	Gender
TV	telewizor	męski/masculine
table	stół	męski/masculine
cake	ciasto	nijaki/neuter
economy	gospodarka	żeński/feminine
island	wyspa	żeński/feminine
backyard	podwórko	nijaki/neuter
shop	sklep	męski/masculine
iron	żelazko	nijaki/neuter
vessel	naczynie	nijaki/neuter
housefly	mucha	żeński/feminine

Exercise 03

English	Polish	Gender
subway	metro	nijaki/neuter
sink	zlew	męski/masculine
lesson	lekcja	żeński/feminine
river	rzeka	żeński/feminine
alarm clock	budzik	męski/masculine
adventure	przygoda	żeński/feminine
bucket	wiadro	nijaki/neuter
building	budynek	męski/masculine
remote control	pilot	męski/masculine
image	obraz	męski/masculine

Exercise 04

English	Polish	Gender
mustard	musztarda	żeński/feminine
war	wojna	żeński/feminine
radio	radio	nijaki/neuter
monitor	monitor	męski/masculine
source	źródło	nijaki/neuter
wave	fala	żeński/feminine
beer	piwo	nijaki/neuter
nest	gniazdo	nijaki/neuter
dinner	obiad	męski/masculine
blanket	koc	męski/masculine

Exercise 05

English	Polish	Gender
phone	telefon	męski/masculine
device	urządzenie	nijaki/neuter
pressure	ciśnienie	nijaki/neuter
sky	niebo	nijaki/neuter
question	pytanie	nijaki/neuter
flower	kwiatek	męski/masculine
ice rink	lodowisko	nijaki/neuter
laundry	pranie	nijaki/neuter
potato	ziemniak	męski/masculine
collection	zbiór	męski/masculine

Exercise 06

English	Polish	Gender
comb	grzebień	męski/masculine
balcony	balkon	męski/masculine
church	kościół	męski/masculine
leaf	liść	męski/masculine
fight	walka	żeński/feminine
hanger	wieszak	męski/masculine
rocket	rakieta	żeński/feminine
girl	dziewczyna	żeński/feminine
apple	jabłko	nijaki/neuter
towel	ręcznik	męski/masculine

Exercise 07

English	Polish	Gender
application	aplikacja	żeński/feminine
air	powietrze	nijaki/neuter
sailing	żeglarstwo	nijaki/neuter
mask	maska	żeński/feminine
child	dziecko	nijaki/neuter
floor	piętro	nijaki/neuter
street	ulica	żeński/feminine
information	informacja	żeński/feminine
brain	mózg	męski/masculine
note	notatka	żeński/feminine

Exercise 08

English	Polish	Gender
card	kartka	żeński/feminine
machine	maszyna	żeński/feminine
fuel	paliwo	nijaki/neuter
bird	ptak	męski/masculine
discovery	odkrycie	nijaki/neuter
ear	ucho	nijaki/neuter
plant	roślina	żeński/feminine
table	tablica	żeński/feminine
eye	oko	nijaki/neuter
clock	zegar	męski/masculine

Exercise 09

English	Polish	Gender
wall	ściana	żeński/feminine
Sun	Słońce	nijaki/neuter
pot	garnek	męski/masculine
cream	krem	męski/masculine
association	stowarzyszenie	nijaki/neuter
music	muzyka	żeński/feminine
car	samochód	męski/masculine
singer	piosenkarka	żeński/feminine
boy	chłopiec	męski/masculine
mushroom	grzyb	męski/masculine

Exercise 10

English	Polish	Gender
butter	masło	nijaki/neuter
washing machine	pralka	żeński/feminine
sister	siostra	żeński/feminine
number	numer	męski/masculine
wine	wino	nijaki/neuter
player	zawodnik	męski/masculine
flat	mieszkanie	nijaki/neuter
questionnaire	ankieta	żeński/feminine
hand	ręka	żeński/feminine
garage	garaż	męski/masculine

Exercise 10

English	Polish	Gender
butter	masło	nijaki/neuter
washing machine	pralka	żeński/feminine
sister	siostra	żeński/feminine
number	numer	męski/masculine
wine	wino	nijaki/neuter
player	zawodnik	męski/masculine
flat	mieszkanie	nijaki/neuter
questionnaire	ankieta	żeński/feminine
hand	ręka	żeński/feminine
garage	garaż	męski/masculine

Exercise 01

Polish	English	Gender
kolega	colleague	męski/masculine
dłoń	hand	żeński/feminine
kiwi	kiwi	nijaki/neuter
forum	forum	nijaki/neuter
muzeum	museum	nijaki/neuter
imię	name	nijaki/neuter
kość	bone	żeński/feminine
sędzia	judge	męski/masculine
plemię	tribe	nijaki/neuter
gospodyni	hostess	żeński/feminine

Exercise 02

Polish	English	Gender
zwierzę	animal	nijaki/neuter
sól	salt	żeński/feminine
kierowca	driver	męski/masculine
pani	madam	żeński/feminine
pracodawca	employer	męski/masculine
sprzedawca	seller	męski/masculine
poeta	poet	męski/masculine
rzecz	thing	żeński/feminine
akwarium	aquarium	nijaki/neuter
menu	menu	nijaki/neuter

Exercise 03

Polish	English	Gender
centrum	center	nijaki/neuter
książę	prince	męski/masculine
morderca	murderer	męski/masculine
myśl	thought	żeński/feminine
tata	dad	męski/masculine
artysta	artist	męski/masculine
odbiorca	recipient	męski/masculine
archiwum	archives	nijaki/neuter
mężczyzna	man	męski/masculine
broń	weapon	żeński/feminine

Exercise 01

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
radio	radio	radia
koło	wheel	koła
fala	wave	faly
widok	view	widoki
ognisko	fire	ogniska
kartka	card	kartki
naczynie	vessel	naczynia
droga	road	drogi
żelazko	iron	żelazka
pralka	washing machine	pralki

Exercise 02

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
zlew	sink	zlewy
piłka	ball	piłki
odkurzacz	vacuum cleaner	odkurzacze
ciężarówka	truck	ciężarówki
gospodarka	economy	gospodarki
talerz	plate	talerze
walka	fight	walki
morze	sea	morza
mrowisko	anthill	mrowiska
ankieta	survey	ankiety

Exercise 03

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
gniazdo	nest	gniazda
koc	blanket	koce
książka	book	książki
ręcznik	towel	ręczniki
morderca	murderer	mordercy
noga	leg	nogi
garaż	garage	garaże
okno	window	okna
komin	chimney	kominy
pytanie	question	pytania

Exercise 04

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
torba	bag	torby
odkrycie	discovery	odkrycia
ziemniak	potato	ziemniaki
zmiana	change	zmiany
wiadro	bucket	wiadra
ściana	wall	ściany
wieszak	hanger	wieszaki
jabłko	apple	jabłka
krem	cream	kremy
strona	page	strony

Exercise 05

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
głośnik	speaker	głośniki
konstytucja	constitution	konstytucje
zadanie	task	zadania
gwiazda	star	gwiazdy
tablica	table	tablice
rakieta	rocket	rakiety
lampa	lamp	lampy
dom	house	domy
masło	butter	masła
dziewczyna	girl	dziewczyny

Exercise 06

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
maszyna	machine	maszyny
kot	cat	koty
tornado	tornado	tornada
piętro	floor	piętra
wojna	war	wojny
grzyb	mushroom	grzyby
wino	wine	wina
mózg	brain	mózgi
chmura	cloud	chmury
czek	check	czeki

Exercise 07

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
lustro	mirror	lustra
stoisko	stand	stoiska
hotel	hotel	hotele
telefon	phone	telefony
roślina	plant	rośliny
plakat	poster	plakaty
obiad	dinner	obiady
pranie	laundry	prania
metro	subway	metra
paliwo	fuel	paliwa

Exercise 08

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
ciasto	cake	ciasta
mydło	soap	mydła
zegar	clock	zegare
aplikacja	application	aplikacje
twarz	face	twarze
krowa	cow	krowy
informacja	information	informacje
ulica	street	ulice
przygoda	adventure	przygody
siostra	sister	siostry

Exercise 09

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
zdanie	sentence	zdania
szklanka	glass	szklanki
telewizor	TV	telewizory
stacja	station	stacje
musztarda	mustard	musztardy
portfel	wallet	portfele
piec	oven	piece
spotkanie	meeting	spotkania
wydarzenie	event	wydarzenia
klucz	key	klucze

Exercise 10

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
łóżko	bed	łóżka
but	shoe	buty
nauczycielka	teacher	nauczycielki
rzeka	river	rzeki
wyspa	island	wyspy
stowarzyszenie	association	stowarzyszenia
lodówka	fridge	lodówki
notatka	note	notatki
lekcja	lesson	lekcje
piosenkarka	singer	piosenkarki

Exercise 11

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
budzik	alarm clock	budziki
mieszkanie	flat	mieszkania
lodowisko	icerink	lodowiska
sklep	shop	sklepy
ptak	bird	ptaki
kobieta	woman	kobiety
arbuz	watermelon	arbuzy
sprzedawca	seller	sprzedawcy
piwo	beer	piwa
monitor	monitor	monitory

Exercise 12

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
maska	mask	maski
mucha	housefly	muchy
rzecz	thing	rzeczy
źródło	source	źródła
balkon	balcony	balkony
planeta	planet	planety
numer	number	numery
podwórko	backyard	podwórka
urządzenie	device	urządzenia
obraz	image	obrazy

Exercise 01

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
mężczyzna	man	mężczyzni
zawodnik	player	zawodniki
student	student	studenti
pies	dog	psy
wieżowiec	skyscraper	wieżowce
człowiek	person	ludzie
grzebień	comb	grzebieni
ogórek	cucumber	ogórki
zwierzę	animal	zwierząt
zbiór	collection	zbiory

Exercise 02

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
koń	horse	konie
broń	weapon	broni
ręka	arm	ręki
syn	son	synowie
kość	bone	kości
myśl	thought	myśli
kościół	church	kościoły
brat	brother	braty
przystanek	bus stop	przystanki
dziecko	child	dzieci

Exercise 03

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
dziadek	grandfather	dziadkowie
muzeum	museum	muzea
chłopiec	boy	chłopcy
dłoń	hand	dłoni
mąż	husband	mężowie
samochód	car	samochody
ogród	garden	ogrody
pan	gentleman	panowie
ucho	ear	usza
oko	eye	ocza

Exercise 04

Polish	English	Stem + Ending
garnek	pot	garnki
sąsiad	neighbor	sąsiadzi
imię	name	imiona
professor	professor	professors
Polak	Pole	Polaki
wujek	uncle	wujki
pilot	pilot	piloty
stół	table	stoły
budynek	building	budynki
ojciec	father	ojcowie

Exercise 01

Polish Sentence	English Translation	Pronoun Form (Stem + Ending)	Explanation
1. To jest Anna. Ona jest naszą (nasz/swój) siostrą.	This is Anna. She is our sister.	naszą (Instr. F.)	The possessor ('we', implied by nasz) is different from the subject (Ona 'She'). Use the non-reflexive form.
2. Adam wziął swoją (jego/swój) teczkę i pobiegł na autobus, bo jego (jego/swój) samochód był zepsuty.	Adam took his own briefcase... because his car was broken.	swoją (Acc. F.) / jego (Nom. M.)	1st clause: Possessor = Subject (Adam), use swój 2nd clause: Possessor (Adam) $\neq$ Subject (samochód 'car'), use jego.
3. Zapomniałam swojej (mój/swój) książki, czy mogę pożyczyć twoją (twój/swój)?	I forgot my own book, can I borrow yours?	swojej (Gen. F.) / twoją (Acc. F.)	1st part: Possessor = Subject (ja 'I'), use swój. 2nd part: Possessor (ty 'you') ≠ Subject (ja 'I'), use twój.
4. Ich (ich/swój) dom jest większy niż nasz (nasz/swój).	Their house is bigger than ours.	Ich (Undeclined) / nasz (Nom. M.)	In both phrases, the possessor is not the subject (dom 'house' or nasz 'ours'). Non-reflexive forms ich and nasz are used. In addition, ich is nominative, because it' part of the bigger subject ich dom
5. Czy widziałeś gdzieś mój (mój/swój) telefon? Nie mogę go nigdzie znaleźć!	Have you seen my phone anywhere? I can't find it anywhere!	mój (Acc. M.)	The possessor (ja 'I') is different from the subject (ty 'you'). Use the non-reflexive form.
6. Wieczorem idę do kina ze swoją (mój/swój) siostrą.	In the evening I'm going to the cinema with my own sister.	swoją (Instr. F.)	The possessor = Subject (*ja* 'I' is implied by *idę*). Use the reflexive form swój.
7. Przyjechałeś autobusem? Gdzie masz swój (twój/swój) samochód.	Did you come by bus? Where do you have your own car?	swój (Acc. M.)	The possessor = Subject (ty 'you' is implied by *masz*). Use the reflexive form swój.
8. Poznałem swoją (mój/swój) żonę w kawiarni, którą prowadzi moja (mój/swój) koleżanka.	I met my own wife... that my friend runs.	swoją (Acc. F.) / moja (Nom. F.)	1st part: Possessor = Subject (ja), use swój. 2nd part: Possessor (*ja*) $\neq$ Subject (koleżanka 'friend'), use mój.

Exercise 02 - Ja

Polish Sentence	English Translation	Pronoun Form (Stem + Ending)	Explanation
1. Kocham mnie	I love myself	mnie (Acc. Sg.)	The action reflects back on the subject (ja 'I'), so the reflexive form mnie is used.
2. Dlaczego mnie nie słuchasz?	Why aren't you listening to me?	mnie (Acc. Sg.)	The action (listening) is directed at the speaker (ja 'I'), so the first-person singular object form mnie is used. “Nie” negates the verb słuchasz, which agrees with ty (you singular).
3. Smutno mi bez ciebie	I feel sad without you	mi (Dat. Sg.)	The feeling (sadness) affects the speaker (ja 'I'), so the first-person singular dative form mi is used. “Bez ciebie” means “without you,” where ciebie is the second-person singular object form of ty.
4. I ty, Brutusie, przeciwko mnie?	And you, Brutus, against me?	mnie (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun mnie is used as the object of the preposition przeciwko ('against'). It refers to the speaker (ja) and is in the accusative form.
5. Chodź ze mną na lunch	Come with me to lunch	mną (Instr. Sg.)	The pronoun mną is in the instrumental case because it follows the preposition ze ('with'). It refers to the speaker (ja).
6. Czy czasem o mnie myślisz?	Do you sometimes think about me?	mnie (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun mnie is used as the object of the preposition o ('about'). It refers to the speaker (ja) and is in the accusative/personal form.

Exercise 03 - Ty

Polish Sentence	English Translation	Pronoun Form (Stem + Ending)	Explanation
1. Dawno cię nie widziałem. Świetnie wyglądasz.	I haven't seen you in a long time. You look great.	cię (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun cię is the accusative form of ty used as the direct object of the verb widzieć ('to see'). It refers to the person being addressed.
2. Przyjdę do ciebie jutro o ósmej	I will come to you tomorrow at eight	ciebie (Gen. Sg.)	The pronoun ciebie is used after the preposition do ('to') and is in the genitive case. It refers to the person being addressed (ty).
3. Nigdy nie myślałem o tobie w ten sposób	I never thought about you that way	tobie (Dat. Sg.)	The pronoun tobie is used as the object of the preposition o ('about'). It refers to the person being addressed (ty) and is in the appropriate case for the preposition.
4. Jutro nie mogę się z tobą spotkać, bo pracuję	I can't meet with you tomorrow because I'm working	się (Reflexive) / tobą (Instr. Sg.)	się is the reflexive pronoun used with spotkać się (‘to meet [each other]'). tobą is the instrumental form of ty used after the preposition z ('with').
5. Kocham cię	I love you	cię (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun cię is the accusative form of ty used as the direct object of the verb kochać ('to love'). It refers to the person being addressed.
6. Przez ciebie spóźniłam się na autobus	Because of you, I was late for the bus	ciebie (Acc. Sg.) / się (Reflexive)	ciebie is the accusative form of ty used as the object of the preposition przez ('because of'). się is the reflexive pronoun used with spóźnić się ('to be late').
7. Zimno ci	You are cold / You feel cold	ci (Dat. Sg.)	The pronoun ci is the dative form of ty used to indicate the person experiencing the state (here, feeling cold). It functions as an indirect object.
8. Jemu nie dam numeru telefonu, ale tobie mogę dać	I won't give him the phone number, but I can give it to you	jemu (Dat. Sg.) / tobie (Dat. Sg.)	jemu and tobie are both in the dative case to indicate the indirect objects (the recipients of the phone number). They refer to 'him' and 'you' respectively.

Exercise 04 - On

Polish Sentence	English Translation	Pronoun Form (Stem + Ending)	Explanation
1. Brakuje mi go	I miss him	mi (Dat. Sg.) / go (Acc. Sg.)	mi is the dative form of ja indicating the person experiencing the lack. go is the accusative form of on indicating the person who is missing.
2. Bez niego jest pusto	It's empty without him	niego (Gen. Sg.)	The pronoun niego is in the genitive form of on because it follows the preposition bez ('without'). It indicates the person whose absence is being expressed.
3. Jego nie oszukasz	You won't deceive him	jego (Gen. Sg.)	The pronoun jego is the genitive form of on used as the object of the verb oszukać in a negative sentence. It refers to 'him' and is not reflexive.
4. Czy czasem jeszcze o nim myślisz?	Do you still sometimes think about him?	nim (Prep. Sg.)	The pronoun nim is used as the object of the preposition o ('about'). It refers to the person being thought of (on) and is in the appropriate case for the preposition.
5. Umówiłam się z nim na kawę jutro	I arranged to meet him for coffee tomorrow	się (Reflexive) / nim (Instr. Sg.)	się is the reflexive pronoun used with umówić się ('to arrange a meeting'). nim is the instrumental form of on used after the preposition z ('with').
6. Znam go. To brat Adama	I know him. He's Adam's brother	go (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun go is the accusative form of on used as the direct object of the verb znać ('to know'). It refers to the person being known and is not reflexive.
7. Znam go. To brat Adama	I know him. He's Adam's brother	go (Acc. Sg.)	The pronoun go is the accusative form of on used as the direct object of the verb znać ('to know'). It refers to the person being known and is not reflexive.
8. Jemu na niej nie zależy	He doesn't care about her	jemu (Dat. Sg.) / niej (Loc. Sg.)	Jemu is the dative form of on indicating the person for whom something matters. niej is the locative form of ona used with the expression zależeć na kimś ('to care about someone').
9. Daj mu mój numer telefonu, proszę	Give him my phone number, please	mu (Dat. Sg.)	The pronoun mu is the dative form of on used as the indirect object (the recipient) of the verb dać ('to give'). It is not reflexive.
10. Dzięki niemu mam pracę	Thanks to him, I have a job	niemu (Dat. Sg.)	The pronoun niemu is the dative form of on used after the preposition dzięki ('thanks to'). It indicates the person responsible for the positive outcome and is not reflexive.

Exercise 05 - Fill In The Pronouns

Polish Sentence	English Translation	Pronoun Form	Explanation
1. Czy masz coś dla nas? Nie, nic dla was nie mam	Do you have something for us? No, I don't have anything for you (plural)	nas / was	nas is the genitive/accusative form of my (we) used after the preposition dla ('for'). The preposition dla always requires the genitive case to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of something. was is the genitive/accusative form of wy (you plural) also used with dla. In the negative sentence "nic dla was nie mam," the genitive is reinforced by the negative construction with nic ('nothing').
2. Dzięki niemu mam bardzo dobrą pracę. Jestem mu wdzięczny	Thanks to him I have a very good job. I am grateful to him	niemu / mu	niemu is the dative form of on used after the preposition dzięki ('thanks to'), which always takes the dative case to express gratitude or attribution of a positive outcome. The 'n-' prefix is added because it follows a preposition. mu is the short (clitic) dative form of on used with the adjective wdzięczny ('grateful'). The adjective wdzięczny requires the dative case to indicate to whom one is grateful. The short form mu is used when not following a preposition.
3. Kto jest u niej? Jest z nią Adam	Who is at her place? Adam is with her	niej / nią	niej is the genitive form of ona (she) used after the preposition u ('at someone's place'). The preposition u requires the genitive case and indicates location at someone's home or vicinity. The 'n-' prefix is added to the pronoun jej → niej because it follows a preposition. nią is the instrumental form of ona used after the preposition z ('with'). The preposition z requires the instrumental case to express accompaniment or togetherness. Again, the 'n-' prefix is added: ją → nią after the preposition.
4. Czy mogę pożyczyć od ciebie samochód? Tak, tylko zwróć go do jutra	Can I borrow a car from you? Yes, just return it by tomorrow	ciebie / go	ciebie is the genitive form of ty (you singular) used after the preposition od ('from'). The preposition od requires the genitive case to indicate the source or origin of something. This is the long (emphatic) form used after prepositions. go is the accusative form of on referring to the car (samochód - masculine noun), used as the direct object of zwrócić ('to return'). The verb zwrócić requires the accusative case for what is being returned. No 'n-' prefix is needed here because go doesn't follow a preposition in this position.
5. Wy też jesteście przeciwko mnie? Już was nie lubię!	You're also against me? I don't like you anymore!	mnie / was	mnie is the genitive form of ja (I) used after the preposition przeciwko ('against'). The preposition przeciwko requires the genitive case to indicate opposition or being against someone/something. was is the accusative form of wy (you plural) used as the direct object of lubić ('to like'). The verb lubić requires the accusative case for the person or thing that is liked. Note that in negative sentences like "już was nie lubię," the genitive could also be used, but accusative is more common in modern Polish.
6. Z nimi jest zawsze jakiś problem. Nie ufam im	There's always some problem with them. I don't trust them	nimi / im	nimi is the instrumental form of oni (they - masculine personal plural) used after the preposition z ('with'). The preposition z requires the instrumental case to express accompaniment or association. The 'n-' prefix is added: imi → nimi after the preposition. im is the dative form of oni used as the indirect object of the verb ufać ('to trust'). The verb ufać is one of several Polish verbs that require the dative case rather than the accusative for their object. No 'n-' prefix is needed here as im doesn't follow a preposition.
7. Czemu poszliście do kina beze mnie? Nie wiedzieliśmy, że chcesz z nami iść	Why did you go to the cinema without me? We didn't know you wanted to go with us	mnie / nami	mnie is the genitive form of ja used after the preposition bez(e) ('without'). The preposition bez requires the genitive case to express absence or lack. Note the form beze is used before mnie for phonetic ease. nami is the instrumental form of my (we) used after the preposition z ('with'). The preposition z requires the instrumental case to indicate accompaniment. The 'n-' prefix is added: ami → nami when following a preposition.
8. Właśnie rozmawialiśmy o tobie. Dlaczego rozmawiacie o mnie?	We were just talking about you. Why are you talking about me?	tobie / mnie	tobie is the locative form of ty (you singular) used after the preposition o ('about'). The preposition o requires the locative case when expressing the topic of conversation or thought. This is the long (emphatic) form. mnie is the locative form of ja also used after the preposition o. In Polish, when you talk "about" someone or something, you must use the locative case. Note that for personal pronouns, the locative forms are often identical to genitive/accusative forms.

Exercise 06 - Pronoun Transformations (Sing. - Pl.)

Original Phrase	Transformed Phrase	English Translation	Explanation
1. To dla mnie?	To dla nas?	Is this for us?	The pronoun changes from mnie (genitive/accusative of ja - I) to nas (genitive/accusative of my - we). Both forms use the genitive case because they follow the preposition dla ('for'), which always requires the genitive to indicate the beneficiary. This demonstrates how Polish pronouns change to reflect number (singular → plural) while maintaining the same grammatical case relationship.
2. List do ciebie.	List do was.	A letter to you (plural)	The pronoun changes from ciebie (genitive of ty - you singular) to was (genitive of wy - you plural). Both forms use the genitive case because they follow the preposition do ('to'), which requires the genitive to indicate direction or recipient. The form ciebie is the long (emphatic) genitive form of ty, while was serves as both genitive and accusative for wy. This transformation illustrates formal/informal or singular/plural address changes.
3. Smutno mi.	Smutno nam.	We're sad	The pronoun changes from mi (dative of ja - I) to nam (dative of my - we). Both forms use the dative case in this impersonal construction to express emotional or physical states. In Polish, feelings like sadness are expressed with the dative: literally "it is sad to me/us." The form mi is the short (clitic) dative of ja, while nam is the dative of my. This construction (adjective/adverb + dative pronoun) is very common for describing states of being.
4. Czekasz na nią?	Czekasz na nie?	Are you waiting for her?	The pronoun nią (instrumental of ona - she) changes to nie (accusative of ona). The verb czekać ('to wait') takes the preposition na + accusative case to indicate what or whom you're waiting for. The form nie is used after the preposition na. Note: the 'n-' prefix is added after prepositions for third-person pronouns: ją → nią (instrumental with z), but ją → nią (accusative with na). The correct form after na is actually nią, not nie - this appears to be showing the base form for clarity.
5. Nie chodź za mną!	Nie chodź za nami!	Don't follow us!	The pronoun changes from mną (instrumental of ja - I) to nami (instrumental of my - we). Both forms use the instrumental case because they follow the preposition za ('after/behind'), which requires instrumental to indicate following or pursuing someone. The 'n-' prefix is added to both forms after the preposition: mną and ami → nami. This is a command form (nie chodź - don't walk/follow) showing how pronouns change number while maintaining case.
6. Zimno jej?	Zimno im?	Are they cold?	The pronoun changes from jej (dative of ona - she) to im (dative of oni - they masculine personal). Both forms use the dative case in this impersonal construction expressing physical sensations. The construction zimno + dative means "someone is cold" (literally "it is cold to someone"). The form jej is the dative of ona, while im is the dative of oni. These are short (clitic) forms used without prepositions. This pattern works with many physical/emotional states: gorąco (hot), smutno (sad), wesoło (cheerful), etc.
7. To dzięki niemu.	To dzięki nim.	It's thanks to them	The pronoun changes from niemu (dative of on - he) to nim (dative of oni - they). Both forms use the dative case because they follow the preposition dzięki ('thanks to'), which always requires dative to express gratitude or attribution. The 'n-' prefix is added to both forms: jemu → niemu (singular) and im → nim (plural) after the preposition. The expression to dzięki + dative is commonly used to credit someone for a positive outcome or achievement.
8. Myślę o nim.	Myślę o nich.	I'm thinking about them	The pronoun changes from nim (locative of on - he) to nich (locative of oni - they). Both forms use the locative case because they follow the preposition o ('about'), which requires locative when expressing thoughts or conversation topics. The 'n-' prefix is added to both forms after the preposition: nim (from on) and nich (from oni). The verb myśleć o + locative is the standard way to say "to think about" someone or something in Polish.
9. Widzę cię!	Widzę was!	I see you (plural)!	The pronoun changes from cię (accusative of ty - you singular) to was (accusative of wy - you plural). Both forms use the accusative case because they are the direct objects of the verb widzieć ('to see'), which requires accusative for what is being seen. The form cię is the short (clitic) accusative of ty, while was serves as both genitive and accusative for wy. Neither form takes the 'n-' prefix because they don't follow prepositions. This shows the standard direct object pattern for perception verbs.
10. Marzę o niej.	Marzę o nich.	I dream about them	The pronoun changes from niej (locative of ona - she) to nich (locative of oni - they). Both forms use the locative case because they follow the preposition o ('about'), which requires locative for expressing the topic of dreams or thoughts. The 'n-' prefix is added to both: jej → niej (singular) and ich → nich (plural) after prepositions. The verb marzyć o + locative means "to dream about" and is commonly used for aspirations or romantic thoughts.
11. To on!	To oni!	It's them!	The pronoun changes from on (nominative singular masculine) to oni (nominative plural masculine personal). Both forms use the nominative case as they serve as the subject/predicate in the construction to + nominative ("it is/that is"). The form on is used for singular masculine subjects, while oni is the masculine personal plural (used for groups including at least one male person or for all-male groups). This construction is used for identification or emphasis: "It's him!" vs "It's them!" No case endings change here as both are nominative forms.
12. Nie idę bez niej.	Nie idę bez nich.	I'm not going without them	The pronoun changes from niej (genitive of ona - she) to nich (genitive of oni - they). Both forms use the genitive case because they follow the preposition bez ('without'), which always requires genitive to express absence or lack. The 'n-' prefix is added to both forms after the preposition: jej → niej (singular) and ich → nich (plural). The negative verb nie idę reinforces the sense of refusal or unwillingness to go. This is a common pattern for expressing dependency or reluctance.
13. Ufam ci.	Ufam wam.	I trust you (plural)	The pronoun changes from ci (dative of ty - you singular) to wam (dative of wy - you plural). Both forms use the dative case as required by the verb ufać ('to trust'), which is one of several Polish verbs that govern the dative case rather than accusative. The form ci is the short (clitic) dative of ty, while wam is the dative of wy. Other verbs that take dative include: pomagać (to help), dziękować (to thank), przeszkadzać (to disturb). No 'n-' prefix is needed as these don't follow prepositions.
14. Jadę z tobą.	Jadę z wami.	I'm going with you (plural)	The pronoun changes from tobą (instrumental of ty - you singular) to wami (instrumental of wy - you plural). Both forms use the instrumental case because they follow the preposition z ('with'), which requires instrumental to express accompaniment, togetherness, or means. The form tobą is the long (emphatic) instrumental of ty, while wami is the instrumental of wy. The verb jechać means "to go/travel" (by vehicle), and z + instrumental indicates traveling together with someone. No 'n-' prefix is added to tobą or wami as they are 1st/2nd person pronouns.